Tuesday 8 December 2015

A Guide on Natural Solutions For Life



The Natural Solution for a Healthy life
Himalayan precious stone salt is far better than conventional iodized salt. It has been used since ancient times and is scientifically proven to be best for health. It is naturally pure healthy salt and non-toxic in nature. It is far better than ordinary table and sea NACL due to these properties. Indeed, the Himalayan valuable asset is a natural solution for a healthy life.
Advantages of Natural Himalayan Salt
  • Advancing the expanded assimilation limits of nourishment components inside the intestinal tract of human body
  • Supporting vascular health
  • Supporting solid respiratory capacity
  • Bringing down rate of sinus issues, and advancing general sinus
  • Diminishing spasms
  • Expanding bone quality
  • Actually advancing sound rest designs
  • Making a solid charisma
  • Advances kidney and nerve bladder working when contrasted with regular synthetically treated salt
  • sack of Himalayan Crystal Salt
Table salt: "The Health Destroyer"
It is a common opinion that basic table NACL contains chemicals and even sugar! Salt is essential in all forms.
Comparison with other salts
Table salt is made out of 97.5% sodium chloride and 2.5% chemicals like iodine and sponges, and sugar. Regular one is dried at more than 1,200° Fahrenheit, a procedure which destroys a large portion of the common compound structures.
The table and cooking NACL is found in many homes, hotels, restaurants and arbitrary plants is non-healthy. It lacks essential minerals and contains harmful chemicals. Preparing salt transforms it into sodium chloride, an unnatural element the human body really sees as a dangerous trespasser! The body can't discard it in a characteristic, solid manner which can prompt bothering of the tissues, water maintenance and hypertension.
Diseases dues to common salt
Studies demonstrate that for every gram of table salt that you can't digest, your body will use more than twenty times the measure of cell water to kill the sodium chloride in synthetically treated salt. This can prompt cellulite, ailment, joint inflammation, gout, and also kidney and gallbladder stones. The normal American devours 5,000 mg of sodium chloride a day; the issue is serious and should be addressed logically and scientifically.
Conclusion
The natural solution for a healthy life comes from a healthy source that is, natural salt. This is the simplest and effective way to improve your fitness and make your dreams of living a healthy life come true. The usage is simple and quite effective. It is scientifically proven and tested.

How Functional Fitness Benefits Seniors



Functional fitness is all about teaching your body to handle real-life activities. It is a way of exercising that helps your body be strong in those areas that the body needs to be strong in your everyday life. This type of fitness can benefit anyone but can benefit seniors perhaps more than others.
The Idea Of Functional Fitness For Seniors
Functional fitness involves putting your body through the paces that are necessary for everyday life. As a senior, you can lift weights or use a weight lifting machine to strengthen certain muscles of your body to the exclusion of others and may find that you are strengthening certain muscles, which leaves a deficiency in others.
Without functional fitness, you can strengthen your arms in a biceps machine but still throw out your neck when reaching for something out of your reach or throw out your back while lifting your grandchild.
Seniors especially make the mistake of exercising their arms or legs in ways that may strengthen those muscles but avoid exercising their back, for example. This can lead to back trouble that could have been avoided if you had recognized that your arms and legs are intricately connected to your back and are useless without a strong core.
As a senior, you need to use all your muscles and joints in concert with one another and not just isolating out certain muscles to the exclusion of others.
Helping Your Muscles Work Together
Many seniors make the mistake of using weight machines or free weights while at the gym. They are isolating out certain muscle groups for strengthening, strengthening some muscles more than others. They may believe that to have a good biceps bulge is a sign of good health when their triceps muscles are not exercised at all. This means that the muscles cannot work together to do the everyday lifting and stretching that needs to be done as part of your regular day.
Everyday movement is not idealized. You don't lift or move things by isolating out your muscle groups and in fact, it takes a strong back, strong legs, and strong-arm muscles to move a box or carry groceries. If you isolate out a muscle group to the exclusion of all others, you can set yourself up for injury to those muscles you have neglected.
How To Make Functional Exercise Work For You
Functional exercise is all about integration of muscle parts. It is about showing the muscles how to work together to accomplish a task rather than isolating muscle groups that may be exercised out of proportion to the rest of your muscles.
If you like rowing machines, for example, think about the posture you are in when you do that exercise. Your back is stiff and your arms are bent repeatedly with your legs doing very little. This strengthens some muscles and not others.
A better activity is to use a free weight standing up. First, you bend over and strengthen your back in picking up the weight. Then you strengthen your legs by holding the weight with your entire body. Finally, put the weight in various motions around your body so that your latissimus dorsi muscles are activated, along with your biceps and triceps muscles. Even the small muscles of your hands are strengthened by holding the weight.
All your muscles are working in concert by that simple exercise. If you repeat it on the other side of your body, the muscles of your back, sides, legs, and arms are exercised for the other side of your body and you haven't missed any muscles in the process.
This type of exercise better mimics the regular activities you do every day and you will have fewer injuries because your muscles have learned to work in concert.
Balance And Control
Functional exercise is all about using your body to balance yourself while having control over your muscles. For seniors, it may mean skipping lifting weights completely and instead working on things like squats and lunges that use all your muscles and help your balance. You don't need bulging biceps to have good functional use of your body.
Can you stand on one foot for any amount of time without falling?
If you have questions about functional exercise, talk to a trainer about those exercises that will best mimic those things you are doing in everyday life. It is a different way to exercise that will keep you balanced, strong, and free of injury.

How to Gain Height Naturally

There are hundreds of tips on how to gain height - but sometimes you don't have hours on end to spend sifting through information in order to find the best information. We have spent countless hours sorting through all the height increasing tips and found you the best answers to the question how to gain height. First things first, you may think that taking the "wonder pills" that are advertised on early morning telly is the way to go however, if you do buy into these companies you will not find out how to gain height you will learn how to get ripped off instead you should do more natural things so you can gain height this is by eating well, having adequate sleep and doing stretching exercises - if you do these three things your body will produce Human Growth Hormone and this will lead to a massive increase in your height.
You may have heard that you should do resistance training if you want to lose weight but did you also know that resistance training is important too when you want to find out how to gain height. This little gem of information is a very important tip and one that you will only usually receive after purchasing an e-book but we thought we'd pass it on to you, as we know how important resistance training is to height gain. On top of doing resistance training at a high intensity it is important that you do some stretching exercises as you can gain height through stretching your spine.
How to gain height through nutrition? Well you can help your body grow by eating foods that promote growth and cutting down on the foods that stunt your growth. Just like your mother said when you were growing up that you needed to drink milk to get strong bones you need to drink milk to become tall too, include lots of protein and amino acids in your diet because these things will help you grow tall. However, on the flip side it is vital that you cut out foods that will stunt your growth this includes caffeine, alcohol and really fatty foods.
How to gain height through rest? Getting a good night's sleep is probably the most foolproof way of adding height without much effort this is because the highest level of Human Growth Hormone in released into your body while it is at rest. You need to sleep in a position that is good for your back and spine otherwise you will wake up with bad posture because you have bent your spine during the night. The best tip we can give you here is that you go out and purchase yourself a firm mattress and find the sleeping position that is most comfortable for you without putting pressure on your spine.
Let's recap on how to gain height. Pills and supplements do not work so never take them even if it's a last resort. Instead focus all your energy on the "big three" - exercise, nutrition and rest. Resistance training is great for the stimulation of Human Growth Hormone, you must also do stretching exercises as well because they stretch the spine and in turn make you grow taller. Nutrition is important - make sure you are eating foods that promote growth and stay away from foods that inhibit it. Finally, having a good sleep at night is extremely important because this is when your body produces optimum levels of Human Growth Hormone.

Health Equals Wealth

How you prioritize your health is the secret to long lasting wellness and overall quality of life. Do not sacrifice comfort for price when you buy workout gear such as shoes and proper breathable workout clothing. Just as you would buy your favorite pair of expensive jeans or t-shirts, do the same for your workout gear. Proper workout clothing and sneakers is one of the staples in the gym.
Not only should you consider more expensive workout apparel, improve your quality of sleep by investing in a better mattress. When you have been sleeping on the same old spring filled mattress for 10 plus years, it's time to get a new one. Good sleep is paramount to health and wellness and is key to whether you'll have a good or bad day. It's only logical you'll perform better on daily activities as well as the work place when you get a full 7-8 hours of sleep when you have the proper mattress in your home. Sure it might save money if you look to get that free mattress offered on Craigslist, but when you do, you are sacrificing your sleep patterns in the long run. As well as the chance of catching bed bugs! Don't buy cheap, buy big. Don't forget about buying the right pillow.
If you're female, experiment with purchasing chemical free beauty organic and cleaning products. You'll love yourself more for it big time. Buying cheaper health skin care products will be more detrimental to your skin as you do not know what kinds of chemicals are in these products. When you take the time to prioritize what you're wearing in the gym and on your skin, and what kind of bed you are sleeping at home, you are increasing the wealth of your health!
Another tip in increasing your success for better quality of life is prepping your meals for the day. Load up on groceries on the weekends, and prep your food the day before. You don't have to be a bodybuilder to do so as when you have all your meals ready for the day, you aren't racing out the door to the nearest fast food joint to feed your hunger. When you eat out majority of the time, the costs add up towards the end of the month. Sure you might think buying a $150 worth of groceries for the week might be pricey, but look at what you spend on lower quality foods such as fast food restaurants. Invest in the time to cook your meals before hand, and you'll save money over time.

Saturday 5 December 2015

Pick the Best Aquarium Maintenance the First Time

It doesn't matter where you work or what you do for a living, if you have pets such as marine life, there may be times when you are unable to take care of them properly. No matter how busy you get, you can't assume that your marine life will be able to sustain themselves while you are away. That is why there are aquarium maintenance services available. They can keep your tanks in great condition whenever you need them too.
The best way to improve how well your aquatic life is cared for while you are gone is to take the time to choose a great aquarium maintenance company. That means that you need to contact more than one company and find out what services they provide. Find out what products they use to clean your tanks and to help maintain the right ecological balance. Find out what kind of fish and other types of marine life they provide services for and which ones they don't. Find out what they hours of operation are and what their fees are for each service they provide. Don't forget to find out if there are any service commitments needed or if you are able to pick and choose when you call for the service to come out.
As you start to get information from various aquarium maintenance companies, you should start looking over the information and categorize them into to two groupings. Those groupings should be titled "most likely to use" and "least likely to use". The services that sound impressive so far should be checked to ensure they have the right credentials in the industry. Keep in mind that you are not only choosing a service that will be maintaining your fish tanks, you will be trusting them inside of your property. You can never be too sure about anyone or company until you do some research so you can know whom you are dealing with.
When it comes to hiring a good aquarium maintenance service, you need to make sure that you are comfortable with the company you have chosen. You need to know for certain that the service you have chosen is going to be mindful of your tanks and do their best to maintain them while you are away. You need a service that you can call on with short notice if a situation arises where you need to get away. If you have trouble choosing between two or more services, go online and start looking for reviews and opinions about these companies. You are looking for something that will help set these companies apart so that you can choose the most qualified one for the job. If necessary, ask some of your friends and family about who they hired and why. Don't take chances when it comes to your pets and marine life. Keep them healthy and happy by making sure they are properly cared for.

A Guide to Pregnant Goldfish and Newborn Fry

It is the pleasure of many goldfish owners to care for their young fry at some point in their lives. Properly caring for goldfish fry is crucial in all stages of their development and can begin with either a purchased mated pair or a single pregnant goldfish, however you may have even been surprised one day by discovering a tank full of eggs. Because goldfish eggs are so delicate, it is important to properly house them and remember not to neglect them so that any complications may be headed off.
How to Care for the Eggs
In order to protect your eggs once they have been laid, it is important to move them to a separate tank away from the mature goldfish. It is more difficult to transfer eggs from a larger tank simply because of the number of places where the eggs may be hidden, or as a result of a surprise spawning that would not otherwise have been planned out. In order to facilitate the developmental process, it is important to put the eggs in no more than six inches of water. Newborn fry that hatch in deeper water may have adverse side effects due to the increased pressure of the depth of the tank. In order to facilitate a faster hatching of the eggs, the tank water should remain around 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Eggs that turn white should immediately be removed so that the remaining eggs are not harmed by the decomposing eggs. The remaining eggs can be damaged by these unfertilized eggs as the infection spreads among the clutch.
How Do You Feed Goldfish Fry?
After hatching, your fry will not eat for the first two days since they are still developing. When your fry finally begin to eat after two days of developing, they will do so with a voracious appetites. Fry will eat anything; some experts recommend feeding them portions of small brine shrimp, while others recommend allowing them to nibble on algae. One of the most detrimental things you can do to your fry is to not feed them enough. It is easier to properly portion food in a smaller tank because feeding fry in a larger tank means it is sometimes difficult for the fry to find the food in so much water. Overfeeding fry is a common way to ensure that they will get the sustenance they require, however this necessitates almost daily water changes to combat the pollution o the tank. Fewer fry require smaller spaces to live in, however with larger hatchings it is important to find extra space to put them in quickly so they can begin to develop properly. Within a couple of weeks the fry will outgrow their transfer tank, and will need to be moved to a larger aquarium where they can develop properly with enough room. Having goldfish fry is a common occurrence that most goldfish owners will experience at some point in their lives. In order to raise happy and healthy fry, you must first be educated and prepare your materials ahead of time to facilitate the hatching and developmental processes. Negligence and inexperience can result in losing an entire nest of eggs due to improper care and environmental factors, even for experienced breeders.

Upgrading From A Freshwater Aquarium To A Saltwater Aquarium

It seems eventually every successful freshwater aquarist thinks about moving on to a marine tank. It's easy to see why- the ocean's bounty is vast with all manner of interesting and often incredibly colorful creatures. But few actually go on to actually set up their first saltwater aquarium. They're held back by their concerns. These concerns would be perfectly valid were you to dive right in with little to no knowledge or strategy as happens far too often. But with the proper understanding and planning setting up your first saltwater aquarium can be much easier than you had hoped.
Cost
Probably the first consideration people contemplating a saltwater aquarium setup make is the cost. The perceived notion is that a marine tank will cost more than a freshwater tank of comparable size. Well, this notion is largely true. Even a no frills fish only saltwater aquarium requires more equipment to set up and has a higher operating cost than a basic freshwater tank and if you wish to keep corals the cost only goes higher. Of course that's not to say a freshwater tank can't be expensive either. A large planted setup could easily match a reef tank's costs. Really the cost of any setup is a result of the size and complexity more so than what it's meant to keep. Furthermore, no matter what type of tank you're running much of the equipment is the same. A freshwater setup can be converted to saltwater for a relatively low cost since you'll be reusing a lot of what you already have.
Difficulty
The next thing most aquarists looking to get into the marine aspect of the hobby consider is the difficulty. Put simply, successfully keeping a saltwater aquarium has a higher learning curve than an equivalent freshwater tank- it's why marine aquariums aren't recommended as a first foray into keeping fish. Everything there is to know to successfully keep a freshwater tank applies to a saltwater tank- plus more. The biggest hurdle is probably maintaining the water quality. The issue is it's more or less impossible to tell if something is wrong with the water at a glance. Detecting problems requires testing and retesting to see how things are changing over time. None of this is particularly difficult actually, but it does require some diligence for the owner to keep an eye on things. It's something many aquarists, old and new, slack on. Besides the water, another issue is the effort required in meeting the specific needs of the tank's inhabitants. Many marine creatures are less easygoing than their freshwater counterparts. They often have more specific dietary needs and figuring out how various species will interact is tricky. Of course the same could be said of the freshwater side of the hobby as well. On both sides there are plenty of species that are suited for the beginner who's still learning the ins and outs of managing their tank.
Water Changes
Maintenance for either type of setup is basically the same- cleaning the glass, vacuuming up debris, changing water, and so on. However, that last one, changing water, is a bit more complicated when it comes to marine tanks. The reason is of course the salt that needs to be mixed into the change water prior to the actual switch. Mixing up a fresh batch of saltwater isn't hard but it does take time a bit of effort to get the parameters just right meaning water changes have to be planned ahead, usually by about a day. By extension this also means you need to have enough space somewhere near the tank to mix this water and let it sit while the salt dissolves. Finally, water changes for a saltwater tank can be a bit messier, especially in the long run. Any water spilled from a freshwater tank will dry in time more or less. However, water spilled from a marine tank is full of salt and when it dries will leave that salt behind so wiping up any drips is a bit more of a concern.
Availability
One thing that might not immediately come to mind is the availability of both equipment as well as livestock from local sources. Pretty much anything you may want can be ordered online but this is always less than ideal. Not being able to check out things in person can be a problem and returns or exchanges are of course more of an issue. Furthermore, shipping live animals isn't exactly easy which translates to a higher cost and greater risk of receiving unhealthy specimens. It's definitely not a bad idea to see what's available locally prior to making the decision to set up a saltwater tank if cost is a factor. Do remember that many stores will be willing to order things you may want that aren't currently in stock, however.
If you take your time and do your research then setting up your first saltwater tank isn't as hard as it may seem. There is a fair bit to learn over what it takes to keep freshwater setup but, once it's up and running, the day to day effort required really isn't all that different. If you've been considering moving up to a saltwater tank and are aware of the changes it brings then it may be time to take the plunge.

How to Choose the Right LED Light for Your Aquarium

The latest way to light up an aquarium is with LED bulbs, both because of their longevity and small carbon footprint, and because of the wide variety of spectrum options and intensity now available in LED bulbs. Below are some tips on how to choose the right LED lighting for your particular aquarium setting.
Consider the Organisms You Support
The types of organisms you raise in your saltwater aquarium can help you determine what kind of LED lighting you need. For example, if you have clams, coral or some types of plants that grow at somewhat deeper ocean depths, these organisms have adapted to the blue and white wavelengths of light, and the choice of LED bulbs should reflect this.
For aquarium setups with vast amounts of plants, blue and red wavelengths are the most crucial for the plants to effectively photosynthesize and live healthy lives. But with LEDs, you can also literally have your cake and eat it, too, because they allow you to create a natural looking light that mimics both sunlight and moonlight, while providing your organisms what they need for a proper environment.
Choose the Color for the Effect You're Looking For
Once the light needs of your organisms are met, you get to play with a whole spectrum of colors, depending on the way you want to present your aquarium. For example, if you want a true realistic water shimmer in your aquarium, concentrate on white LED bulbs that give your setup an appearance of being in the sunlight.
LED lights in the blue spectrum, such as actinic LED bulbs, can really bring out the details and beauty of your living coral reef. LED lights that enhance the color of the water from the warmer end of the spectrum are very good for bringing out the best in livestock when all your aquarium holds is fish.
Other Considerations When Choosing LED Aquarium Lighting
In the case of LED lights for saltwater aquariums, the best rule of thumb is to buy the best system of lighting you can afford, and any LED lighting system you buy may have a hefty price tag. But the more expensive LED lighting modules can come with some very nice options.
For example, you can buy a setup that contains three full rows of full-spectrum LED bulbs. Because these bulbs are so small, you don't notice them as part of the whole aquarium experience, and their small size makes it easier to move them out of the way to work in your aquarium. Another option is an automatic timer that changes the LED bulb intensity to mirror an actual daytime/nighttime event, without you needing to remember to manually dim the lights.
One important consideration when choosing the correct LED lights is to calculate the amount of heat given off by the bulbs. LED lights emit much lower amounts of heat than the traditional fluorescent or Metal Halide bulbs, which means that LEDs do not contribute to the heating of the water. But the LED bulbs do release heat upward and out of the aquarium. The heat doesn't harm your aquarium organisms, but it can reduce the lifespan of your LED bulbs, so consider adding a fan if you plan on having a large array of LED lights in your saltwater aquarium.

5 Fish to Keep in Your Saltwater Aquarium

When it is your first saltwater aquarium, putting it together is definitely an overwhelming task. Since you do not have any idea on maintaining an aquarium, it is important that you learn a bit more about the fishes and invertebrates before buying a brand new one.
You would not want to buy a fish that will be too difficult to begin with. You also do not want a ugly fish that will just hang around in your tank taking up space and food.
In this article, we have a list of 5 fish that you will love to keep in your aquarium. I hope they will be helpful.
5 fish that you must keep in your saltwater aquarium
  • Angel fish
Looking to add some color in your tank? Well, buy these beauties. Coral beauties, a type of dwarf angelfish, are great additions to any sort of salt water tank. Just remember to add some rocks where these beauties can hide.
  • Butterfly fish
Butterfly fish is a type of marine fish. There are 120 species of the butterfly fish that are found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. These fishes come in various colors, stripes or patterns and are mesmerizing to watch.
  • Clown fish
Ever wanted a fish that you saw in the movie 'Finding Nemo'? Well you can. Clown fish are typically very bright, orange fish that have three white stripes, one at the head, middle and tail.
  • Talbot's Damsel
Very vibrant in color, with a distinctive spot on its back, the Talbot's Damsel is somewhat aggressive to other fish species, especially as they age. Other than that, this species are easy to keep and live for a long time.
  • Achilles tang
Although this fish a little more expensive and difficult to keep, Achilles tang is one of the most striking fishes for your aquarium. Since it swims continuously at a very high-speed, this fish needs a large tank with a good open space. If kept in a small tank, this fish will not feed and will die quickly. It feeds on herbivore die and needs a variety of foods.
Buying fish at your first sight is not a good idea. We recommend that you research a bit on livestock you want to pet and check whether they are compatible with each other or not.
Buying livestock for your new saltwater aquarium is not easy as a pie. You need to give a lot of your time in your research.

The Basics of Plumbing Your Aquarium

If you have any desire to move beyond goldfish and guppies and into the exciting world of saltwater reef aquariums, you are going to have to tackle the basics of plumbing your aquarium. Many of the invertebrates you work with in a reef aquarium require a strong flow of water running constantly through the setup. This water movement is critical for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as removing waste products produced by live coral and other creatures you may have in your aquarium.
Flexible Line and PVC
When considering the plumbing of your aquarium, you have a choice of setting your system up with flexible line or PVC piping. Both have their advantages and disadvantages.
Flexible line consists of rubber tubing, which can be bent into configurations much more easily than the solid plastic of PVC piping. This makes it convenient for plumbing small aquarium setups, where you don't have lots of room to work out the plumbing details. This ability to bend as you go also makes installing flexible tubing easier and faster than PVC piping, and it is also easier to replace the tubing if your aquarium system should suddenly spring a leak. To attach the tubing to your plumbing system, you will need to purchase clamps that are the same size as the tube.
On the flip side, the flexibility of tubing makes it more liable to kink, which can restrict water flow to your aquarium. This forces the return pump to work harder, thereby shortening the life of this piece of equipment. Another disadvantage is that most flexible line is transparent, which can create issues of organic growth inside the tube if it is exposed to light for very long.
For larger tanks and situations where high pressure is part of the system, PVC pipe is the best choice. PVC is made of rigid plastic, which doesn't kink and is much less likely to break. Because it comes in a variety of sizes, you can buy straight tee fittings, 45 degree elbows, and 90 degree elbows, and create a system that ranges from a drain and return loop all the way to a setup that includes multiple aquariums connected together by plumbing. Adding more plumbing to your system is an easy process with PVC pipe parts. Also, PVC pipe is opaque, so you avoid algae growth in your system.
One disadvantage to a plumbing system based on PVC piping is that the parts are usually glued together. Unless you created the system with several threaded connections screwed together, you will have to saw the piping apart whenever your plumbing has an issue. Another disadvantage to PVC pipe is its inflexibility. Sometimes the plumbing ends up sticking out more than flexible tubing, which can hug the aquarium and be tucked out of the way.
Other Plumbing Pieces
Besides pipes and connectors, you will need some other pieces in an aquarium plumbing job. For instance, good ball valves let you control the flow of water, or even shut the water off temporarily. A ball valve opens and shuts by means of a swing arm, which moves the half circle shaped plastic element inside the valve, increasing or reducing the amount of liquid that can move through the hole in the valve. A PVC ball valve operates without using any o-rings or washers, so it is less likely to wear out.
Another handy piece when you are doing your own plumbing is known as a union coupling. Also referred to as a union valve, it consists of three sections: female and male ends, plus an oversized nut that connects the two ends together. The union coupling is hand tightened, instead of being glued into place. Even better, this coupling gives you easy access to parts of your aquarium plumbing that require maintenance or cleaning, such as inline heaters and chillers, reactors, UV sterilizers, and that space between the return pump's outlet and the remaining plumbing.
Bulkhead slips are a necessary piece of equipment after you've drilled a hole in the walls of your aquarium to install more plumbing, because it transforms a hole in the glass to a location where you can attach plumbing to the glass. The bulkhead slip consists of two pieces of plastic that push together from each side of the glass. Gaskets at the union prevent the system from leaking. You can choose among three versions of bulkhead slips: slip to thread, thread to slip, and slip to slip.